Gorky, Maksim

Thomas Mann streicht in Erinnerungen an Lew Nikolajewitsch Tolstoi von Maxim Gorky (München : Der neue Merkur, 1920) folgende Stelle an :
"Der Chinese Lao-tse lehrt : Das Einzige, was ich fürchte, - das ist das tätige Wesen. Alle Welt soll des Tuns entraten. Nichttun ist förderlicher denn alles, was zwischen Himmel und Erde existiert. Wenn die Menschen alle aufhören werden zu tun, wird vollkommene Ruhe auf Erden herrschen."

Qu Qiubai and Russian literature : general
Ellen Widmer : In Qu Qiubai's opinion, the differences between Pushkin's und Turgenev's work was as much a reflection of changed social reality as it was a matter of improvements in literary techniques. Techniques, though, had also improved, making it easier for literature to Russian literature that was to be the nineteenth century. For Qu, the greatness of this new literature lay in its ability to 'apply the ideals of the culture to real life, to reflect real life in a literary form'.
The first great modern writer to emerge, in Qu's opinion, was Pushkin. Pushkin's genius lay, for Qu, in two places – his writing style and his commitment to write about real events. For Qu, Pushkin's use of language was both a remarkable reflection oft he common idiom and an istrument of such astonishing beauty that it set the standard for years to come. Pushkin erred, Qu notes, by immersing himself too enthusiastically in European romanticism and by takin himself too seriously, but he had a redeeming sense of duty toward the common people. This meant that his characters were often ordinary men, drawn in a lifelike manner ; or, if they were 'superfluous' gentry like Eugene Onegin, living parasitically off the labor of peasants and idly acquiring useless knowledge, they at least showed some signs of being ashamed of themselves. In any case, Qu feels, Pushkin's style and his characters were suffused with a Russianness new to Russian literature. For the first time in history, Russian literature had something to set it apart from European traditions and something to be proud of.
As social conditions went from bad to worse at the end of the nineteenth century, Qu maintains, it was only Maksim Gorky who was able to rise above the bleakness of reality and inspire firm hope in the future. Gorky, it seems, was writing of a new sort of Russina, the city man and the laborer, who felt anger, not despair, at bourgeois outrages and who drew strength from the conviction that the proletariat would rule the world. In language, too, Gorky's writing was refreshingly innovative, for it made use of a 'new vernacular', closer to the language of the working class than anything that had appeard in writing before 1923.

Lu, Xun. Lun zhao xiang zhi lei. [On photography]. 論照相之類
Er schreibt : "J'ai vu quelques dizaines de photos d'hommes célèbres, Tolstoï, Ibsen, Rodin, tous déjà âgés ; Schopenhauer, le visage tourmenté ; Wilde avec cet air un peu idiot qu'il avait déjà à l'époque où il porta des vêtements sophistiqués ; Romain Rolland un peu bizarre ; Gorki, un vrai clochard. Tous portaient sur leur visage les traces de souffrances et de luttes".

Hu, Feng, Gaoerji zai shi jie wen xue shi shang jia shang le shen me ? [ID D37967].
Hu Feng praised Gorky for the creation of Soviet humanism while using the occasion to add that writers and their characters should not function as the gramophones of slogans (nor, should writing only reflect life but rather rely on life in developing hopeful and believable images).

Aufführung von Ye dian = The lower depths unter der Regie von Huang Zuolin in der Adaptation von Shi Tuo und Ke Ling ; nach Gorky, Maxim. Na dne. (Moscow : Aprelevskii zavod, 1902) durch die Kugan ju tuan in Shanghai.

Film : Ye dian = 夜店 [Night Inn] durch das Wenhua Studio, geschrieben von Ke Ling, unter der Regie von Huang Zuolin. In der Hauptrolle Zhou Xuan als Meimei und Zhang Fa als Yang Qi ; nach Gorky, Maxim. Na dne. (Moskau : Aprelevskii zavod, 1902). [The lower depths].

[Gorky, Maksim]. Gao'erji lun wen xuan ji [ID D26435].
In literary criticism, the most often quoted Soviet critic Gorky became a bible for all Chinese critics, and whose critical views can still be seen in literary magazines today. Gorky saw two main trands or tendencies in literary history, realism and romanticism. This kind of writing encouraged and promoted in the Soviet Union and China was 'socialist realism', which encompassed some romantic elements.

Film : Yue luo wu ti shuang man tian = 月落乌啼霜满天 [The frosty night] unter der Regie von Yan Jun und dem Drehbuch von Huang Feng nach Gorky, Maxim. Na dne. (Moskau : Aprelevskii zavod, 1902). [The lower depths].

Kinkley, Jeffrey C. Echoes of Maxim Gorky in the works of Ding Ling and Shen Congwen. In : Interliterary and intraliterary aspects of the May fourth movement 1919 in China.
Jeffrey C. Kinkley : The importance of a Maxim Gorky to modern Chinese literature is evident. Mao Dun seid, in the fact that no other foreign author was translated and retranslated as often as he.
The popularity of Mother in China was not an unprecedented and even a surprising phenomenon. An impressive sign of Gorky's impact on China is the fact that Mother had literary influence, including some not even related to the novel's political ethos. Ding Ling's Mother (1933), like Gorky's Mother is based on true incidents and tells the story of a goodhearted mother.
The first striking interliterary aspect of Gorky in the works of Shen Congwen and Ding Ling is Shen's use of Gorky's titles. In 1927 Shen published Dao shi jie shang (Into the world). This must mimic the title of the second volume of Gorky's autobiography Into the world. His work Three men and a girl (1930) echoes the famous Twenty-sic men and a girl, one of Gorky's first stories translated in China.
Shen Congwen seems to have quoted from Gorky's style through translation. Shen may also have been influenced by a personal and spiritual affinity with Gorky.

[Gorky, Maksim]. Di ceng. Gao'erji ; Li Jianwu yi. (Shanghai : Ping ming chu ban she, 1953). (Gao'erji xi ju ji ; 1). Übersetzung von Gorky, Maksim. Na dne. (Moskva : Aprelevskii zavod, 1902). = Nachtasyl : Szenen aus der Tiefe. (Wittenberg : Herrose & Ziemsen, 1903). = Dans les bas-fonds : pièce en quatre actes. (Paris : Mercure de France, 1903). = The lower depths : scenes from the Russian life. (Boston : International Pocket Library, 1906). [Erstaufführung Moskauer Künstlertheater unter der Regie von Konstantin Stanislawski, 1902].
底层

[Gorky, Maksim]. You huan yu sheng. Wu Shou yi. In : Dong fang za zhi ; nos 1-4 (1907). = Übersetzung von Gorky, Maksim. Kain i Artem. (1898). In : Mir Boschi ; Jan. (1899). = In : Rasskazy. (S.-Peterburg : Izd. T-va Znanie, 1901). = Kain und Artem. (Berlin : Schreiter, 1900). = Cain et Artème : nouveaux récits de la vie des vagabonds. (Paris : Perrin, 1902).= Cain and Artyom. In : The individualist, Cain and Arteme, A strange companion. (London : Maclaren, 1906).

[Gorky, Maksim]. Dong nian. Gao'erji zhu ; Liu Liaoyi yi. (Beijing : Ren min wen xue chu ban she, 1956). Übersetzung von Gorky, Maksim. Detstvo. (Berlin : J. Ladyschnikow, 1914). = Meine Kindheit. Einzig autorisierte Übersetzung von August Scholz. (Berlin : Ullstein, 1917). = My childhood. In : In : Autobiography of Maxim Gorky : My childhood ; In the world ; My universities. (New York, N.Y. : Citadel Press, 1919). = Ma vie d'enfant : mémoires autobiographiques. (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1921).
童年

Duan pian xiao shuo. Dude zhu [et al.] ; Hu Shi yi. (Shanghai : Yadong tu shu guan, 1919). [Übersetzung von Kurzgeschichten von Alphonse Daudet, Guy de Maupassant, Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, Maxim Gorky].
短篇小說

[Gorky, Maksim]. Ying ge. Tian Tui yi. In : Yu wai xiao shuo ji (1920). Übersetzung von Gorky, Maksim. Pesnya o burevestnike. In : Zhizn magazine (April 1901). = Song of the stormy petrel. In : Cosmopolitan ; no 40 (Jan. 1906). = L'annonciateur de la tempête. (Paris : Mercure de France, 1905).
鹰歌

Jin dai Eguo xiao shuo ji. = Modern Russian short stories. Vol. 1, 2, 4-5. Don fang za zhi she. (Shanghai : Shang wu yin shu guan, 1925). (Dong fang wen ku ; 77).
近代俄国小说集一二四,五
[Enthält] :
Vol. 1 : Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, Fedor Mikahilovich Dostoyevsky.
Vol. 3 : Leo Tolstoy, Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko, Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin.
Vol. 4 : Fedor Sologub, Maksim Gorky.
Vol. 5 : Aleksandr Ivanovich Kuprin, Leonid Nikolaevich Andreyev, Mikhail Petrovich Artsybashev.

[France, Anatole]. Cai pan guan de wei yan. Falangshi ; Gao'erji ; Zhu Xi yi. (Shanghai : Bei xin shu ju, 1928). (Ou Mei ming jia xiao shuo cong kan). Übersetzung von France, Anatole. Les juges intègres. In : France, Anatole. La liberté par l'étude. (Paris : E. Payen, 1902). (Cahiers de la quinzaine ; 3e sér. ; 15).
裁判官的威嚴
[Enthält] :
[Gorky, Maksim]. Wo de lu ban. Gao'erji ; Zhu Xi yi. Übersetzung von Gorky, Maksim. Moi sputnik. In : Rasskazy. Vol. 1. (S.-Peterburg : Izd. T-va Znanie, 1900). = My fellow traveller. In : Twenty-six men and a girl. (London : Duckworth, 1902). = Mein Reisegefährte. (Halle a.S. : O. Hendel, 1903). 我的旅伴

[Gorky, Maksim]. Cao yuan shang. Gao'erji zhu ; Zhu Xi yi. (Shanghai : Ren jian shu dian, 1928). Übersetzung von Gorky, Maksim. V stepi. (1897). In : Ocherki I rasskazy. (S.-Peterburg : Narodnaia pol'za, 1899). = In der Steppe : ausgewählte Erzählungen. (Leipzig : E. Diederichs, 1901). = In the steppe. In : Tales from Gorky. (London : Jarrold, 1902).
草原上

[Gorky, Maksim]. Gao'erji de hui yi suo ji. Chen Shaoshui yi. (Shanghai : Le qun shu dian, 1929). Übersetzung von Gorky, Maksim. Zametki iz dnevnika. (Berlin : Kniga, 1924). = Fragments of my diary. (London : Philip Allan, 1924).
高爾基的回憶瑣記

[Gorky, Maksim]. Ma'erfa. Gao'erji zhu ; Sun Kunquan yi. (Shanghai : Guang hua shu ju, 1929). Übersetzung von Gorky, Maksim. Makar Chudra. In : Kavkaz ; 12. Sept. (1892). = Makar Tschudra. In : Im Weltschmerz. (Berlin : B. Cassirer, 1901). = Malva. In : The Ortloff couple, and Malva. (London : W. Heinemann, 1901).
玛爾伐

[Gorky, Maksim]. Mu qin. Gao'erji ; Shen Duanxian yi. (Shanghai : Da jiang shu pu, 1929). Übersetzung von Gorky, Maksim. Mat'. (Berlin : Ladyschnikow, 1907). = Mother. (New York, N.Y. : D. Appleton and Co., 1907). = Comrades. (London : Hodder & Stoughton, 1907). = La mère : roman. (Paris : F. Juven, 1907).
母亲

Shi jie jie zuo xiao shuo xuan di er ji. Zeng Ziheng, Ying Xin, Wang Jiayu, Bing Fu, Xu Bai yi. (Shanghai : Zhen mei shan shu dian, 1930). [Anthologie von Novellen von Maksim Gorkij, Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, Georges Courteline, Jean Richepin, Henri Barbusse, Paul Morand, Marcel Prévost, O. Henry, Theodor Dreiser, Mary Webb, Thomas Mann, Leopold Alas].
世界杰作小说选第二辑

Jue wang nü. Xu Xiacun yi. (Shanghai : Shen zhou guo guang she, 1930). [Anthologie von Novellen].
绝望女
[Enthält] : Pierre Louÿs, Anatole France, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, Nikolai Vasil'evich Gogol, Anton Chekhov, Maksim Gorkij, Feodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky, Luigi Pirandello.

[Gorky, Maksim]. Cao yuan shang. Gao'erji zhu ; Liang Yuchun yi zhu. (Shanghai : Bei xin shu ju, 1931). (Ying wen xiao cong shu ; 1). Übersetzung von Gorky, Maksim. V stepi. (1897). In : Ocherki I rasskazy. (S.-Peterburg : Narodnaia pol'za, 1899). = In der Steppe : ausgewählte Erzählungen. (Leipzig : E. Diederichs, 1901). = In the steppe. In : Tales from Gorky. (London : Jarrold, 1902).
草原上

[Gorky, Maksim]. Si shi nian dia : shang ce. Mai Yefu yi. (Shanghai : Lian he shu dian, 1931). Übersetzung von Gorky, Maksim. Zhizn' Klima Samgina. (Moskva : Gos. Izd-vo, 1928). = Das Leben des Klim Samgin : Roman. Autorisierte Übersetzung aus dem russischen Manuskript von Rudolf Seike. (Berlin : Siebenstäbeverlag, 1930). = Bystander. Transl. from the Russian by Bernard Guilbert Guerney. (New York, N.Y. : Literary Guild, 1930). = Vie de Klim Sanguine. (Paris : Rieder, 1932).
四十年代 : 上册

Yin ying : lu xi ya duan pian ji. (Shanghai : Xin shi dai shu ju, 1931). [Anthologie]. [Enthält Erzählungen aus : Best Russian short stories. (New York, N.Y. : Boni and Liveright, 1917)].
Andreyev, Leonid Nikoaevich. Eleazar. (Stuttgart : J.H.W. Dietz, 1906). = Lazarus.
Korolenko, Vladimir Galaktionovic. The shades, a phantasy.
Garshin, Vsevolod Michajlovic. The signal.
Tolstoy, Leo. God sees the truth, but waits. (1872)
Sologub, Fjodor. Hide and seek.
Gorky, Maksim. Autumn night.

[Gruzdev, I.A.]. Gao'erji de sheng huo. Guluzitaifu ; Lin Keduo yi. (Shanghai : Xian dai shu ju, 1933). Übersetzung von Gruzdev, I.A. Maksim Gor'kii. (Leningrad : Kubuch, 1925). [Abhandlung über Maksim Gorky].
高尔基的生活

[Kaun, Alexander]. Ge ming wen hao Gao'erji. Zou Taofen bian yi. (Shanghai : Sheng huo shu dian, 1933). Übersetzung von Kaun, Alexander. Maxim Gorky and his Russia. (New York, N.Y. : Cape and Smith, 1931).
革命文豪高尔基

Wu'erjin. Gao'erji lun. Wu'erjin zhu ; Luo Jinan yi. (Shanghai : Du shu sheng huo chu ban she, 1936). (Jiao ban xiao chong shu). [Abhandlung über Theorien von Maksim Gorky ; Autor Wu'erjin nicht gefunden].
高爾基論

[Nobori, Shomu]. Gao'erji ping chuan. Sheng Shumeng zhu ; Hu Xue yi. (Shanghai : Kai ming shu dian, 1937). Übersetzung von Nobori, Shomu. Gorikii no shôgai to geijutsu. (Tokyo : Naukasha, 1936). [Abhandlung über Maksim Gorky].
高爾基評傳

[Olgin, Moissaye J.]. Zen yang liao jie Gao'erji. Ao'erjin ; Quan Lin yi. (Shanghai : Huo feng shu dian, 1937). (Qing nian xiu yang cong shu). Übersetzung von Olgin, Moissaye J. Mysim Gorky, writer and revolutionist. (New York, N.Y. : International Publishers, 1933). [Abhandlung über Maksim Gorky].
怎樣了解高爾基

Xu, Xingzhi. Bu yao ba huo de jiao gei ta. (Shanghai : Lian hua shu ju, 1946).
不要把活的交給他
[Enthält] : 4 plays based on Maksim Gorky's short stories.
Kuang feng bao yu de yi ye.
Bu yao ba huo de jiao gei ta.
Mei you zu guo de hai zi.
Ying xiong yu mei ren.

[Egolin, A.M.]. Gao'erji yu Eluosi wen xue. Yegaolin deng zhu ; Zhao Kan deng yi. (Shanghai : Xin wen yi chu ban she, 1957). Übersetzung von Egolin, A.M. Gor'kii I russkaia literature. (Moskva : Pravda, 1949). [Maksim Gorky und die russische Literatur].
高爾基与俄罗斯文学

[Rogov, Vladimir Nikolaevich]. Gao'erji yan jiu nian kan : 1948. Luoguofu ; Ge Baoquan he bian. (Shanghai : Shi dai shuo bao chu ban she, 1948). = Ezhegodnik Izuchenie Gor'kogo. [Abhandlung über Maksim Gorky].
高爾基硏究年刊 : 1948

[Roskin, Aleksandr Iosifovich]. Gao'erji. A. Luosijin zhu ; Ge Baoquan deng he yi. (Xianggang : Gong pu chu ban she, 1948). Übersetzung von Roskin, Aleksandr Iosifovich. Maksim Gor'kii. (Moskva : Izd.-vo detskoi lit-ry, 1939). [Abhandlung über Maksim Gorky].
高爾基